Experience the extraordinary JW Marriott Hotel Shenzhen, centrally located in the Futian Business District. Our International hotel in Shenzhen, China offers easy access to local landmarks such as the Shenzhen Convention Exhibit Center, Shenzhen Window of the World and Futian Checkpoint.

• Best Restaurants In Shenzhen
• Shenzhen Chn

Shenzhen (/ˈʃɛnˈdʒɛn/; Chinese: 深圳; Mandarin pronunciation:[ʂə́n.ʈʂə̂n](listen)) is a major city in Guangdong Province, China; it forms part of the Pearl River Deltamegalopolis, bordering Hong Kong to the south, Huizhou to the northeast, and Dongguan to the northwest. It holds sub-provincial administrative status, with powers slightly less than those of a province.

Shenzhen's cityscape results from its vibrant economy - made possible by rapid foreign investment following the institution of the policy of 'reform and opening-up' in 1979.^[7] The city is a leading global technology hub, dubbed by media as the next Silicon Valley and China's Silicon Valley.^{[8][9][10][11][12]} It was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world in the 1990s and the 2000s,^[13] and has been ranked second on the list 'top 10 cities to visit in 2019' by Lonely Planet.^[14]

Shenzhen, which roughly follows the administrative boundaries of Bao'an County, officially became a city in 1979, taking its name from the former county town, whose train station was the last stop on the Mainland Chinese section of the railway between Canton and Kowloon.^[15] In 1980, Shenzhen was established as China's first special economic zone.^[16] Shenzhen's registered population as of 2017 was estimated at 12,905,000.^[1] However, local police and authorities estimate the actual population to be about 20 million, due to large populations of short-term residents,^[a] unregistered floating migrants, part-time residents, commuters, visitors, as well as other temporary residents.^[17][18]

Shenzhen hosts the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as well as the headquarters of numerous multinational companies such as JXD, Vanke, Hytera, CIMC, SF Express, Shenzhen Airlines, Nepstar, Hasee, Ping An Bank, Ping An Insurance, China Merchants Bank, Tencent, ZTE, Huawei, DJI and BYD.^[19] Shenzhen ranks 14th in the 2019 Global Financial Centres Index.^[20] It has one of the busiest container ports in the world.^[21]

• 2History
• 3Geography
• 6Economy
• 7Demographics
  • 7.3Ethnic groups
• 8Cityscape
• 9Education
• 10Transport
• 11Culture
• 14Relationship with Hong Kong

Toponymy[edit]

The earliest known recorded mention of the name Shenzhen could date from 1410, during the Ming Dynasty.^[22] Locals call the drains in paddy fields “zhen” (Chinese: 圳; pinyin: zhèn; literally: 'ditch, drain'). Shenzhen was named after the deep waters (Chinese: 深; pinyin: shēn; literally: 'deep') and a drain (圳) in the edge of the field that were both located within the area, so when combined, the name means 'deep drains.'^[23][24]

History[edit]

Prehistory to Ming era[edit]

The oldest evidence of humans on the area that Shenzhen was established on dates back during the mid-Neolithic period.^[25][26] Since then, this area has seen human activity for more than 6,700 years ago, with Shenzhen's historic counties first established 1,700 years ago, and the historic towns of Nantou (now present day Nanshan District) and Dapeng, which was built on the area that is now Shenzhen, established more than 600 years ago.^[27] In addition, the Hakka people has a history in Shenzhen since 300 years ago when they first immigrated.

In 214 BC(E), when Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified China under the Qin Dynasty, the area went under the jurisdiction of the established Nanhai County, one of three counties that were set up in Lingnan, and was assimilated into Zhongyuan culture.^[28] In 331 CE/AD, the Eastern Jin administration split up Nanhai County into two counties: Dongguan County in the south and Bao'an County in the north, with both under the administration of Dongguan Prefecture.^[29] In 590 CE/AD, the Sui administration merged Dongguan County and Bao'an County back into Nanhai County, and set the local government in the town of Nantou, though this was reversed by the Tang administration in 757 CE/AD.

During the Song Dynasty, Nantou and the surrounding area became an important trade hub for salt and spices in the South China Sea.^[28][30] The area then became known for producing pearls during the Yuan Dynasty. In the early Ming era, Chinese sailors of a fleet would go to a Mazu temple in Chiwan (present day Nanshan District) to pray as they go to Nanyang. The Battle of Tunmen, when the Ming won a naval battle against invading Portuguese, was located south of Nantou.^[31] In 1573, the Ming administration dissolved Bao'an County to establish Xin'an County, based in Nantou, which had authority over regions that would be Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Xin'an County's economy primarily was based on the production and trade of salt, tea, spices, and rice.

Qing era to 1940s[edit]

To prevent insurgency from Ming loyalists under Zheng Chenggong, better known as Koxinga, in the Chinese coast, the recently established Qing administration re-organized coastal provinces.^[28] As a result, Xin'an County lost two-thirds of its territory to the neighboring Dongguan County, and was later incorporated into Dongguan in 1669, though Xin'an was restored about 15 years later, in 1684. As of 1688, there were 28 towns in Xin'an County, of which one of the towns is named Shenzhen.^{[32][full citation needed]} When the Qing lost to the United Kingdom in both Opium Wars in 1842 and 1860, Kowloon Peninsula and Hong Kong Island was ceded from Xin'an to the British in the Treaty of Nanking and the Convention of Peking. On 21 April 1898, the Qing government signed a 'Special Article for the Exhibition of Hong Kong's Borders' with the United Kingdom, and leased the New Territories from Xin'an to the United Kingdom for 99 years. Shenzhen was occupied by the British under Henry Arthur Blake, the then-governor of Hong Kong for half-a-year in 1899.^[33] From the 3,076 square kilometres (1,188 sq mi) of territory that Xin'an held before the treaties, 1,055.61 square kilometres (407.57 sq mi) of the county's land was ceded to the British.^[29]

Best Restaurants In Shenzhen

In response to the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, Xin'an residents rebelled against the local Qing administration and successfully overthrew them.^[34] In the same year, the Chinese section of the Kowloon–Canton Railway (KCR) was opened to the public, and the last stop of the Chinese side, named Shenzhen Railway Station at the town of Shenzhen, which opened a year ago, helped the town's economy and opened Shenzhen up to the world.^[35][33] In 1913, the Republic of China administration renamed Xin'an County back to Bao'an County to prevent confusion from another county of the same name in Henan Province.^[28] During the Canton–Hong Kong strike, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions set up a reception station for strike workers in Hong Kong in Shenzhen.^[36] Strike workers were also given pickets and armored vehicles by the strike committee to create a blockade around Hong Kong. In 1931, a number of casinos, the largest of which being Shumchun Casino, were established by the family of Chen Jitang in Shenzhen.^[37] While only in operation until 1936, they significantly increased KCR's passenger traffic to and from Shenzhen.

During World War II, the Japanese occupied Shenzhen and Nantou with plans to invade Hong Kong,^[28] forcing the Bao'an County government to relocate to the neighboring Dongguan County.^[38][39] In 1941, the Japanese army tried to cross into Hong Kong through the Lo Wu Bridge in Shenzhen, though this was detonated by the British, preventing the Japanese from entering Hong Kong.^[40] When Japan surrendered in May 1945, the Bao'an County government moved back to Nantou.

1950s to 1970s[edit]

In 1953, four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Bao'an County government decided to move to Shenzhen and make it the center of Bao'an County, since Shenzhen was closer to the KCR and had a larger economy than Nantou.^[28] From the 1950s to the end of the 1970s, Shenzhen and the rest of Bao'an County oversaw a huge influx of refugees trying to escape to Hong Kong from the upheavals that were occurring in mainland China, and a range from 100,000^[41] to 560,000^[42] refugees resided in the county.

In January 1978, a Central Inspection Team sent by the State Council investigated and established the issue of creating a foreign trade port in Bao'an County.^[43] In May, the investigation team wrote the “Hong Kong and Macao Economic Investigation Report” and proposed to turn Bao'an County and Zhuhai into commodity export bases. In August 1978, the Huiyang District Committee reported to the Provincial Committee on the “Report on the Request for the Change of Bao'an County to Shenzhen”. On 18 October, the Standing Committee of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee decided to change Bao'an County into Bao'an City and to turn it into a medium-level prefecture-level city with a foreign trade base. The Huiyang District Committee and the Bao'an County Committee however defended the change to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen, claiming that people in the world knows more about Shenzhen and its port than they know about Bao'an County.

On 31 January 1979, the Central Committee of the Communist Party approved a plan to establish the Shekou Industrial Zone in Shenzhen with the purpose 'to lead domestic, overseas, and diversified operations, industrial and commercial integration, and trading' based on the systems of that of Hong Kong and Macau.^[44] The Shekou Industrial Zone project was led by Hong Kong-based China Merchants Group under Yuan Geng's leadership, and was to become the first export processing industrial zone in mainland China. On 23 January 1979, the Guangdong provincial administration and the district of Huiyang announced their proposal to rename Bao'an County to Shenzhen and was approved and put into affect by the State Council on March 5 of that year.^[43] In addition, the city would establish six districts: Luohu, Nantou, Songgang, Longhua, Longgang and Kuiyong.

At the beginning of April 1979, the Standing Committee of Guangdong Province discussed and proposed to the Central Committee to set up a 'trade cooperation zone' in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shantou.^[43] In the same month, the Central Working Conference decided on the “Regulations on Vigorously Developing Foreign Trade to Increase Foreign Exchange Income” and agreed to pilot the first special economic zones (SEZ) in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen.^[45] In November, Shenzhen was elevated to the status of prefecture-level city at the regional level by the Guangdong provincial administration.^[34]

Special Economic Zone (1980s–present)[edit]

In May 1980, the Central Committee designated Shenzhen as a SEZ,^[28] which was promoted by then-paramount leaderDeng Xiaoping and created to be an experimental ground for the practice of market capitalism within a community guided by the ideals of 'socialism with Chinese characteristics'.^[46][47][48] On 26 August, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) approved the 'Regulations of the Guangdong Special Economic Zone.'^[49] Under these regulations, Shenzhen formulated a series of preferential policies to attract foreign investment, including business autonomy, taxation, land use, foreign exchange management, product sales, and entry and exit management. Through the processing of incoming materials, compensation trade, joint ventures, cooperative operations, sole proprietorship, and leasing, the city has attracted a large amount of foreign investment and helped popularize and enable rapid development of the SEZ concept.

In March 1981, Shenzhen was promoted to a sub-provincial city.^[25][28] There were plans for Shenzhen to develop its own currency, but the plans were shelved due to the risk and the disagreement that a country should not be operating with two currencies.^[50] To enforce law and order in the city, the Shenzhen government erected barbed wire and checkpoints between the land borders of the main sections of the SEZ and the SEZ outskirts, as well as the rest of China, in 1983, which was known as the second line (Chinese: 二线关).^[51][52] In November 1988, Shenzhen became a separate city (Chinese: 计划单列市), meaning that the city can implement policies that are different from those in the national plan, and was given the right of provincial-level economic administration.

In December 1990, under the authority of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange was established to provide a platform for centralized securities trading.^[53] In February 1992, the Standing Committee of the NPC granted the government of Shenzhen the power to make local laws and regulations.^[54] In 1996 and early 1997, the Shenzhen Guesthouse Hotel in Shenzhen was home to the Provisional Legislative Council and Provisional Executive Council of Hong Kong in preparation for the handover of Hong Kong in 1997.^[55][56]

By 2001, as a result of Shenzhen's increasing economic prospects, increasing numbers of migrants from mainland China chose to go to Shenzhen and stay there instead of trying to illegally cross into Hong Kong.^[57] There were 9,000 captured border-crossers in 2000, while the same figure was 16,000 in 1991. In May 2008, the State Council approved the Shenzhen SEZ to promote Shenzhen's administrative management system, economic system, social field, independent innovation system and mechanism, system and mechanism for opening up and regional cooperation, and resource conservation and environmental friendliness.^[58]

On 1 July 2010, the State Council dissolved the 'second line,' and expanded the Shenzhen SEZ to include all districts, a five-fold increase over its pre-expansion size.^[59] On 26 August 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Shenzhen SEZ, the State Council approved the “Overall Development Plan for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone.'^[60] In August 2011, the city hosted the 26th Universiade, an international multi-sport event organized for university athletes.^[61] In April 2015, the Shekou Industrial Zone and the Qianhai Zone were integrated within the newly-established Guangdong Free-Trade Zone.^[62]

On 18 August 2019, the central government in Beijing unveiled reform plans covering economical, social, and political sectors of Shenzhen, with the intention of having the SEZ be a model city for others in China to follow.^[63]

Geography[edit]

Shenzhen is located within the Pearl River Delta, bordering Hong Kong to the south, Huizhou to the north and northeast, Dongguan to the north and northwest. Lingdingyang and Pearl River to the west and Mirs Bay to the east and roughly 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of the provincial capital of Guangzhou. As of the end of 2017, the resident population of Shenzhen was 12,528,300, of which the registered population was 4,472,200, the actual administrative population was over 20 million.^[64] It makes up part of Pearl Delta River built-up area with 44,738,513 inhabitants, spread over 9 municipalities (including Macau). The city is elongated measuring 81.4 kilometers from east to west while the shortest section from north to south is 10.8 kilometers.

Over 160 rivers or channels flow through Shenzhen. There are 24 reservoirs within the city limits with a total capacity of 525 million tonnes.^[65] Notable rivers in Shenzhen include the Shenzhen River, Maozhou River and Longgang River.^[66]

Shenzhen is surrounded by many islands. Most of them fall under the territory of neighbouring areas such as Hong KongSpecial Administrative Region and Huiyang District, Huizhou. But there are several islands under Shenzhen's jurisdiction, such as Nei Lingding Island, Dachan Island (Tai Shan Island), Xiaochan Island, Mazhou, Laishizhou, Zhouzai and Zhouzaitou. (See List of islands in Shenzhen)

Climate[edit]

Although Shenzhen is situated about a degree south of the Tropic of Cancer, due to the Siberian anticyclone it has a warm, monsoon-influenced, humid subtropical climate (KöppenCwa). Winters are mild and relatively dry, due in part to the influence of the South China Sea, and frost is very rare; it begins dry but becomes progressively more humid and overcast. However, fog is most frequent in winter and spring, with 106 days per year reporting some fog. Early spring is the cloudiest time of year, and rainfall begins to dramatically increase in April; the rainy season lasts until late September to early October. The monsoon reaches its peak intensity in the summer months, when the city also experiences very humid, and hot, but moderated, conditions; there are only 2.4 days of 35 °C (95 °F)+ temperatures.^[67] The region is prone to torrential rain as well, with 9.7 days that have 50 mm (1.97 in) or more of rain, and 2.2 days of at least 100 mm (3.94 in).^[67] The latter portion of autumn is dry. The annual precipitation averages at around 1,970 mm (78 in), some of which is delivered in typhoons that strike from the east during summer and early autumn. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0.2 °C (32 °F) on 11 February 1957 to 38.7 °C (102 °F) on 10 July 1980.^[68]

Politics[edit]

The politics of Shenzhen is structured in a parallel party-government system,^[69] in which the Party Committee Secretary, officially termed the Communist Party of China Shenzhen Municipal Committee Secretary (currently Wang Weizhong), outranks the Mayor (currently Chen Rugui). The party's standing committee acts as the top policy formulation body, and is typically composed of 11 members.

Administrative divisions[edit]

Shenzhen has direct jurisdiction over nine administrative Districts and one New District:

Special Economic Zone Border

To enforce law and order in the city, the Shenzhen government erected barbed wire and checkpoints between the land borders of the main sections of the SEZ and the SEZ outskirts, as well as the rest of China, in 1983, which was known as the second line (Chinese: 二线关).^[51][52] Initially, the border control was relatively strict, requiring non-Shenzhen citizens to obtain special permissions for entering. Over the years, border controls have gradually weakened, and permission requirement has been abandoned.

On 1 July 2010, the original SEZ border control was cancelled, and the Shenzhen SEZ was expanded to the whole city.^[59] The area of Shenzhen SEZ thus increased from 396 square kilometres (153 sq mi) to 1,953 square kilometres (754 sq mi).^[73] Since June 2015 the existing unused border structures have been demolished and are being transformed into urban greenspaces and parks.^[74][75][76] On 15 January 2018, the State Council approved the removal of the barbed wire fence set up to mark the boundary of the SEZ.^[77][78] Although the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone have been extended to cover the whole of Shenzhen, colloquially Shenzhen is still said to be separated into two areas, with the original four districts comprising the SEZ before 2010 as '关内' (pinyin: guān nèi; literally: 'within the border') and the rest known as '关外' (pinyin: guān wài; literally: 'outside of the border').^[79]

Economy[edit]

Shenzhen was the first of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) to be established by paramount leaderDeng Xiaoping.^[80][81] As a SEZ, Shenzhen is given the privilege to embrace market capitalism policies under the guise of 'Socialism with Chinese Characteristics,' unlike other cities in Mainland China which is based on a planned economy.^[82] As of 2017, Shenzhen has a nominal GDP of 2.42 trillion RMB (HK$2.87 trillion), which recently had surpassed neighboring Hong Kong's GDP of HK$2.85 trillion and Guangzhou's GDP of 1.98 trillion RMB,^[83][84] making the economic output of Shenzhen the third largest out of Chinese cities,^[85] trailing behind Shanghai and Beijing.^[86] In addition, Shenzhen's GDP growth between 2016 and 2017 of 8.8% surpassed that of Hong Kong and Singapore, with 3.7% and 2.5% respectively.^[87] With a market capitalization of US$2.5 trillion as of 30 November 2018, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) is the 8th largest exchange in the world.^[88]

Shenzhen's industry is described by its Municipal Bureau of Statistics to be upheld by its four-pillar industries: high-tech, finance, logistics, and culture.^[89] Shenzhen is primarily known for its high-tech industry, which has a value of 585.491 billion RMB (US$82.9 billion) in 2015, a 13% increase compared to last year.^[90] Out of the nominal GDP of 1,750.299 billion RMB in 2015, the high-tech industry comprises 33.4% of this amount. Shenzhen is home to a number of prominent tech firms, such as telecommunications and electronics corporation Huawei,^[91] internet giant and holding conglomerate Tencent,^[92]drone-maker DJI,^[93] and telecommunications company ZTE.^[94] Shenzhen annually holds the China International High-tech Achievements Fair, which showcases high-tech products and provides for dialogue and investment for high-tech.^[95] As a result, Shenzhen is dubbed by media outlets as 'China's Silicon Valley'^[96][97] or the 'Silicon Valley of Hardware' for the world.^[98][99]

In addition to its numerous high-tech companies, Shenzhen is also home to a number of large financial institutions, such as China Merchants Bank^[100] and Ping An Insurance^[101] and its subsidiary Ping An Bank.^[102] Since the city's establishment as a SEZ, a number of foreign banks had established offices in the city, including Citibank, HSBC, Standard Chartered, and Bank of East Asia.^[103] In total, the financial industry accounts for 14.5% of the city's nominal GDP in 2015 (254.282 billion RMB), which was a 15.9% increase over the previous year.^[90] By the end of 2016, the total assets of the financial industry amounted to 12.7 trillion RMB (banking industry assets were 7.85 trillion RMB, security companies assets were 1.25 trillion RMB, and insurance industry assets were 3.6 trillion RMB), making Shenzhen's financial industry the third largest in China.^[104]

Addressing the logistics industry, courier SF Express and shipping company China International Marine Containers (CIMC) have their headquarters in Shenzhen.^[105][106] The Port of Shenzhen, composed of Yantian International Container Terminals, Chiwan Container Terminals, Shekou Container Terminals, China Merchants Port and Shenzhen Haixing (Mawan port), handled a record number of containers with rising trade increased cargo shipments in 2005, ranking it as the world's third-busiest port.^[107][108] Together, the logistics industry accounts for around 10.1% (178.27 billion RMB) of the city's nominal GDP in 2015, which was an increase of 9.4%.^[90] Shenzhen had prioritized the cultural industry in according to the 13th Five-Year Plan, establishing the Shenzhen Fashion Creative Industry Association and planning the 4.6 square-kilometer Dalang Fashion Valley.^[109][110] On 7 December 2008, UNESCO approved Shenzhen's entrance into the Creative Cities Network, and awarded the Shenzhen the title of 'United Nations Design Capital.'^[111] Altogether, the cultural industry in turn contributes to 5.8% (102.116 billion RMB) of Shenzhen's economy in 2015.

In addition to the four pillar industries that was listed by the municipal government, Shenzhen also has a relatively notable real-estate industry.^[112] The real-estate industry altogether contributes to 9.2% (162.777 billion RMB) of Shenzhen's economy in 2015, which was an increase of 16.8% compared to last year.^[90] Real estate developers such as Vanke^[113] and China Resources Land^[114] are headquartered within the city.

As a SEZ, Shenzhen has established several industrial zones to encourage economic activities. The Shekou Industrial Zone was approved and established back in 31 January 1979 by the Central Committee of the CPC to assist in the 'Hong Kong-based' economy of Shenzhen.^[115] In 1996, the State Council approved and established the 11.5 km² (4.4 sq mi) Shenzhen High-tech Industrial Development Zone, helping to develop Shenzhen's high-tech industry in areas such as electronics and information technology.^[116] In accordance to the National Plan in 2001, the Shenzhen Software Park, integrated within the High-tech Industrial Development Zone, was established for software production and assist in the development of the city's software industry.^[117] On 26 August 2010, the State Council approved the 'Overall Development Plan for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone' to solidify ties between Hong Kong and Shenzhen.^[118][119]

Tourism[edit]

Tourism is gradually growing as an important industry for Shenzhen. Shenzhen has been ranked second on the list of ‘top 10 cities to visit in 2019' by Lonely Planet.^[14] The Shenzhen administration in its '12th Five-Year Plan for Tourism Development of Shenzhen' had focused on turning the city into an international tourist hub, with emphasis on the city's scientific, fashion, and industrial elements.^[120] The Shenzhen tourist industry is claimed by the local administration in having a strong development advantage, due to the city being one of the tier-one cities in China, as well as being known for its coastal resources, climate environment, capitalist economy, and technological innovation.^[121] In 2015, the tourism industry's total revenue was 124.48 billion RMB (US$17.6 billion), a 98.1% increase from 2010. Out of the total revenue, 28% (35 billion RMB or US$4.968 billion) came from international tourists, an increase of 56.2% from 2010. In addition, in that year, Shenzhen received 11.63 million tourists, a 51% increase from 2010.

Shenzhen has numerous tourist destinations, ranging from recreational areas such as theme parks and public parks to tall buildings. Most of the tourist attractions are part of Overseas Chinese Town (OCT), a colloquial name for parks owned by OCT Enterprises and is classified as an AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration.^[122] These include the Window of the World,^[123][124] the Splendid China Folk Village,^[125][126]Happy Valley (欢乐谷),^[127][128]OCT East,^[129] and OCT Harbour.^[130] Other theme parks include Shekou Sea World (海上世界),^[131][132] Xiaomeisha Sea World,^[133][134] and the now-closed Minsk World.^[135][136] Shenzhen also has a number of popular public parks and beaches, such as People's Park, Lianhuashan Park, Lizhi Park, Zhongshan Park, Wutongshan Park, Dameisha (大梅沙; 'big mesa') and Xiaomeisha [zh] (小梅沙; 'small mesa').^[137][138] The city is also home to tall buildings such as the Ping An Finance Centre,^[139]KK100,^[140] and the Shun Hing Square (also known as Di Wang Tower).^[141]

Shenzhen's tourism industry is recently expanding under the '13th Five-Year Plan for Tourism Development of Shenzhen' as promoted under the Shenzhen local government.^[120] In this plan, the tourist industry plans to exceed 200 billion RMB and receive 150 million domestic and foreign tourists by 2020.^[121] Part of the plan includes organizing the tourist industry within five brands: theme parks, retail, natural recreational areas, sports, and international gatherings, as well as speeding up construction of future tourist attractions and turning Shenzhen into a Chinese hub for sports.

Retail[edit]

Retail is an important pillar of Shenzhen's tertiary sector. Out of the added value of Shenzhen's tertiary sector of 1.42 trillion RMB (US$201 billion), retail contributed 43% (616.89 billion RMB) of this amount, a 7.6 percent increase compared to last year (601.62 billion RMB).^[142] In addition, 10.9% of Shenzhen's FDI is directed towards the wholesale and retail sector.

Huaqiang North (华强北) is one of Shenzhen's notable retail areas, being known for having one of the largest electronics markets in the world.^[143]Luohu Commercial City, a commercial complex located adjacent to Shenzhen Railway Station, is noted for having a variety of products that ranges from electronics and counterfeit goods to tailored suits and curtains.^[139] In addition to Huaqiang North and Luohu Commerical City, Shenzhen has numerous shopping malls and commercial areas, including COCO Park and its branches COCO City and Longgang COCO Park,^[144][145] Uniworld (壹方天地),^[146] Uniwalk (壹方场),^[147] and Coastal City.^[148]

'Smart retail', which uses technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data in production, circulation, and sales of consumer goods, has been growing popular within enterprises in Shenzhen.^[149] Businesses in Shenzhen are encouraged to use the Internet to develop the consumer market and new retail projects would be assisted with the use of technology. In addition, the Shenzhen administration is setting up a new retail industry development fund to promote the use of 'smart retail', with the intention of stimulating the economy of Shenzhen and to turn the city into a “new retail” hub.

Demographics[edit]

Shenzhen is the fifth most populous city proper in China, with a population of 12,528,300 in the city as of 2017.^[150] With a total area of 1,992 km²,^[151] Shenzhen has a population density of 6,889 inhabitants per square kilometre. The encompassing metropolitan area of the city was estimated by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) to have, as of 2010, a population of 23.3 million.^[152][3] Shenzhen is part of the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (covering cities such as Guangzhou, Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Huizhou, Hong Kong, and Macau), the world's largest urban area according to the World Bank,^[153] and has a population of over 108.5 million according to the 2015 census.^[154]

Before Shenzhen's establishment as a SEZ in 1980, the area was composed mainly of Hakka and Cantonese people.^[155] However, since become a SEZ, Shenzhen has become a hub for migrants searching for work and opportunities within the city.^[156]

Historic[edit]

There had been migration into southern Guangdong province and what is now Shenzhen since the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279) but the numbers increased dramatically since Shenzhen was established in the 1980s. In Guangdong province, it is the only city where the local languages (Cantonese, Shenzhen-Hakka and Teochew) is not the main language; it is Mandarin that is mostly spoken, with migrants/immigrants from all over China.

Shenzhen has seen its population and activity develop rapidly since the establishment of the SEZ as a magnet for migrants, beginning with blue collar or labor-intensive workers, giving the city the moniker of the world's factory. Shenzhen had an official population of over 10 million during the 2011 census. However, due to the large unregistered floating migrant population living in the city, some estimates put Shenzhen's actual population at around 20 million inside the administrative area given at any specific moment.^[17][18] The population growth of Shenzhen follows large scale trends; around 2012-13, the city's estimated growth slowed down to less than 1 percent due to rising migrant labor costs, migrant worker targeted reforms, and moving of factories out to periphery and neighboring Dongguan. By 2015, the high tech economy began to gradually replace the labor intensive industries as the city gradually became a magnet for a new generation of migrants, this time educated, white collar workers. Migration into Shenzhen was further promoted by hard population caps imposed on other Tier I cities like Beijing and Shanghai, previously the top destinations for white collar workers. By the end of 2018, the official registered population had been estimated as just over 13 million a yoy increase of 500,000.^[157]

Other statistics[edit]

At present, the average age in Shenzhen is less than 30. The age range is as follows: 8.49% between the age of 0 and 14, 88.41% between the age of 15 and 59, and 3.1% aged 65 or above.^[158]

The population structure has great diversity, ranging from intellectuals with a high level of education to migrant workers with poor education.^[159] It was reported in June 2007 that more than 20 percent of China's PhD graduates had worked in Shenzhen.^[160] Shenzhen was also elected as one of the top 10 cities in China for expatriates. Expatriates choose Shenzhen as a place to settle because of the city's job opportunities as well as the culture's tolerance and open-mindedness, and it was even voted China's Most Dynamic City and the City Most Favored by Migrant Workers in 2014.

According to a survey by the Hong Kong Planning Department, the number of cross-border commuters increased from about 7,500 in 1999 to 44,600 in 2009. More than half of them lived in Shenzhen.^[161] Though neighboring each other, daily commuters still need to pass through customs and immigration checkpoints, as travel between the SEZ and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) is restricted.

Mainland residents who wish to enter Hong Kong for visit are required to obtain an 'Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macao'. Shenzhen residents can have a special 1 year multiple-journey endorsement (but maximum 1 visit per week starting from April 13, 2015) This type of exit endorsement is only issued to people who have hukou in certain regions.^[162](See Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau.)

Ethnic groups[edit]

Koreans[edit]

As of 2007 there were about 20,000 people of Korean origins in Shenzhen, with the Nanshan and Futian districts having significant numbers. That year the chairperson of the Korean Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Kang Hee-bang, stated that about 10,000 lived in Overseas Chinese Town (OCT). Shekou, the area around Shenzhen University, and Donghai Garden housing estate had other significant concentrations.^[163] Donghai Garden began attracting Koreans due to its transportation links and because, around 1998, it was the sole residential building classified as 3-A. As of 2014 Donghai had about 200 Korean families.^[164]

South Koreans began going to the Shenzhen area during the 1980s as part of the reform and opening up era, and this increased when South Korea established formal diplomatic relations with the PRC.^[164]

In 2007 about 500 South Korean companies in Shenzhen were involved in China-South Korean trade, and there were an additional 500 South Korean companies doing business in Shenzhen. In 2007 Kang stated that most of the Koreans in Shenzhen had lived there for five years or longer.^[163]

There is one Korean international school in Shenzhen, Korean International School in Shenzhen. As of 2007 there were some Korean children enrolled in schools for Chinese locals.^[163] As of 2014 spaces for foreign students in Shenzhen public schools were limited, so some Korean residents are forced to put their children in private schools.^[164] In addition, in 2007, there were about 900 Korean children in non-Chinese K-12 institutions; the latter included 400 of them at private international schools in Shekou, 300 in private schools in Luohu District, and 200 enrolled at the Baishizhou Bilingual School. Because many Korean students are not studying in Korean-medium schools, the Korean Chamber of Commerce and Industry operates a Korean Saturday School; it had about 600 students in 2007. The chamber uses rented space in the OCT Primary School as the Korean weekend school's classroom.^[163]

Languages and religions[edit]

Prior to the establishment of Special Economic Zone, the indigenous local communities could be divided into Cantonese and Hakka speakers,^[165] which were two cultural and linguistic sub-ethnic groups vernacular to Guangdong province. Two Cantonese varieties were spoken locally. One was a fairly standard version, known as standard Cantonese. The other, spoken by several villages south of Fuhua Rd. was called Weitou dialect.^[166] Two or three Hong Kong villages south of the Shenzhen River also speak this dialect. This is consistent with the area settled by people who accompanied the Southern Song court to the south in the late 13th century.^[167] Younger generations of the Cantonese communities now speak the more standard version. Today, some aboriginals of the Cantonese and Hakka speaking communities disperse into urban settlements (e.g. apartments and villas), but most of them are still clustering in their traditional urban and suburban villages.^[168]

The influx of migrants from other parts of the country has drastically altered the city's linguistic landscape, as Shenzhen has undergone a language shift towards Mandarin, which was both promoted by the Chinese Central Government as a national lingua franca and natively spoken by most of the out-of-province immigrants and their descendants.^{[169][170][171]} However, in recent years multilingualism is on the rise as descendants of immigrants of out-of-province Mandarin native speakers begin to assimilate into the local culture through friends, television and other media.^[172] Despite the ubiquity of Mandarin Chinese, local languages such as Cantonese, Hakka, and Teochew are still commonly spoken among locals. Hokkien and Xiang are also sometimes observed.^{[citation needed]}

According to the Department of Religious Affairs of the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government, the two main religions present in Shenzhen are Buddhism and Taoism. Every district also has Protestant churches, Catholic churches, and mosques.^[173] According to a 2010 survey held by the University of Southern California, approximately 37% of Shenzhen's residents were practitioners of Chinese folk religions, 26% were Buddhists, 18% Taoists, 2% Christians and 2% Muslims; 15% were unaffiliated to any religion.^[174] Most new migrants to Shenzhen rely upon the common spiritual heritage drawn from Chinese folk religion.^[175][176] Shenzhen also hosts the headquarters of the Holy Confucian Church, established in 2009.^[177]

• Hongfa Temple, a popular Buddhist temple in Shenzhen

• Temple of the Queen of Heaven (Mazu)

• Temple of Guandi

Crime[edit]

In general, Shenzhen is a relatively safe city. However, in districts such as Bao'an and Longgang, the number of robberies, extortion, kidnapping, and fraud exceeds the national average.^{[citation needed]} In the central part of the Luohu District, especially in the neighborhoods around the Shenzhen Railway Station, Shenzhen Bus Terminal, and the Luohu Commercial City Shopping Center, pickpocketing, prostitution, drug trafficking, fraud, and the sale of counterfeit bills are common. In addition, Luohu is a major center for trade in counterfeit goods and abundant in its nightclubs, bars, and karaoke salons, which not only does it attract Shenzhen residents, but also residents from neighboring Hong Kong, which may attract criminal elements. The Nanshan District has a large concentration of foreigners, and is known for its abundance of prostitutes and beggars. Along with local gangs in Shenzhen, there is a notable presence of triads: notably Wo Shing Wo, Big Circle Gang, Sun Yee On, 14K, and Shui Fong.^{[178][179][180][181]} The level of corruption in the government is usually high, as seen in the arrest of the then-mayor of Shenzhen, Xu Zongheng,^[182] for accepting bribes in June 2009, as well as arrests and convictions of Li Yugo, the former head of the largest state-owned construction corporation in the city, and Zhao Yutsun, a customs officer of the city, for the same reasons.^[183]

Cityscape[edit]

Shenzhen has been dubbed by The Guardian as 'the world leader completing new skyscrapers,' as it managed to complete 14 skyscrapers that are above 200 meters in 2018, four more than Dubai, and keeping this title for three years.^[184][185] In addition, the city is home to the most number of skyscrapers above 200 meters than any other cities in the world, with 82 completed as of July 2019.^[186] The city is ranked the third in the world in terms of the number of buildings above 150 meters, with 223 of them completed as of July 2019, after Hong Kong and New York City.^[187] There were more skyscrapers completed in Shenzhen in the year 2016 than in the whole of the US and Australia combined.^[188] The construction boom continues today with over 60 skyscrapers under construction across the city as of 2019.^[189] The tallest building in Shenzhen is the 599-meter, 115 floor Ping An Finance Centre, which is also the second tallest in China and the fourth tallest building in the world.^[190] The second-tallest building is the Kingkey 100, rising 441.8 metres (1,449 ft) and containing 100 floors of office and hotel spaces.^[191] Shenzhen is also the home to the Shun Hing Square (Diwang Building), the tallest in Asia (if the antenna is taken into account) when it was built in 1996.^[192][193]Guomao Building was furthermore the tallest building in China when it was completed in 1985.^[194]

Despite this, there are still a good number of historical buildings in Shenzhen, primarily in the Nanshan District. Chiwan Fort is located on a small seaside hill in the Nanshan District. Today, what is left only represents a fragment of the large fortress, as it was partially destroyed by the British during the Opium Wars.^[195] Tianhou Temple in the Nanshan District is dedicated to the goddess Mazu, a tutelary deity for fishermen and sailors. According to legend, the temple was founded in 1410 by Admiral Zheng He after his fleet survived a strong storm in the Pearl River Delta. The temple is repeatedly rebuilt and repaired. Part of the temple was converted to a museum, but the rest still continues to function as a religious building.^[196] The tomb of the last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao Bing, is located in the Nanshan district. The modern tomb dates back to the end of the 19th century, when a Hong Kong clan announced one of the imperial tombs after a long search, though this is disputed by historians. The tomb was reconstructed at the beginning of the 20th century, but later it fell into neglect until it was restored again in the 1980s.^[197][198] Dapin Fortress is located in the eastern part of the city, in the same area. It was built in 1394 to protect the coast from pirates and in 1571 suffered a long siege of Japanese corsairs. It later turned into a typical town during the Qing Dynasty, and during the First Opium War, the fortress garrison participated in the fight against the British. Walls and gates, narrow streets, temples, and the residence of the commandant in the fortress are still preserved today.^[199] There is an old fortified Hakka village in the Longgang District, whose the architectural features of which are complemented by the Hakka Culture Museum.^[200][201]

The old town of Nantou (or Xin'an), located in the Nanshan District, has several historical sites dating back to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From the 4th century, there existed a significant city, but today most of the old buildings have been replaced by modern buildings. However, there are still a few historical buildings, such as fortress walls and gates dating back to the Ming period, the Guandi Temple (Guan Yu), some military and civilian buildings (for example, the residence of officials, the shop, and the opium house), and several streets.^{[202][203][204]}

Parks and beaches[edit]

Shenzhen offers free admission to over of its twenty public city parks^[137] such as People's Park, Lianhuashan Park, Lizhi Park, Zhongshan Park, and Wutongshan Park. The Xianhu Botanical Garden (仙湖; 'Fairy Lake'), founded in 1982, is spread around the lake of the same name in the Luohu District on an area of 590 hectares. On one of the hills of the garden is Hunfa Temple, the largest Buddhist temple in Shenzhen, which was built in 1985 on the site of an older shrine. Around the lake are a pagoda, tea houses, pavilions, the Museum of Paleontology, a garden of medicinal plants and an azalea garden.^[205][206] Wutongshan National Park (梧桐山) is spread around the mountain of the same name in the Luohu District. From the observation deck, there is a view of the Shenzhen skyline as well as Hong Kong and the surrounding bay, and on the next peak there is a transmission tower of a local television station.^[207] Lianhuashan Park (莲花山; Lotus Hill) is located on the territory of 150 hectares in the Futian District. At the top of the mountain is a large bronze statue of Deng Xiaoping.^{[208][209][210]} The Shenzhen Garden and Flower Exposition Center, established in the Futian District in 2004 for the International Garden Exhibition, has many gardens of various styles, artificial ponds and waterfalls, a pagoda, pavilions, and statues.^[211] The Shenzhen Bay Park opened in 2011 which included the nearby Mangrove Park. There are several thematic recreation areas and attractions, and along the 9-kilometer-long coastal strip there is an embankment.^[212][213] The Mangrove Ecopark was established in 2000 in the Futian District and at that time was the smallest national park in China. A large group of birds migrate to the ecopark in the mangroves on an area of 20.6 hectares in a 9-kilometer coastal zone of the Shenzhen Bay.^[214] The Shenzhen Safari Park in the Nanshan District combines a zoo and a large zoological center on a territory of 120 hectares.^[215][216] Xili Lake Resort (西丽湖), located in the Nanshan District, has a park with springs and waterfalls stretching around the lake, surrounded by a canopy, and a pagoda and a pavilion located on the top of Xili Mountain.^[217] Zhongshan Park (中山), located in the Nanshan District, is the city's oldest park. It has several artificial lakes and ponds, an old city wall dating back to the 14th century, and many sculptures and monuments, including one of Sun Yat-sen. The Yangtai Mountain Forest Park is located around the 500-meter Yangtai Mountain (羊台山) in the Bao'an District. Nearby the mountain is Shiyan Lake (石岩湖), which became a popular place of Xin'an County in the 16th century. It is famous for its several indoor and outdoor pools with hot thermal waters.^[218][219]

Shenzhen has several beaches: Dameisha (大梅沙; 'big mesa') and Xiaomeisha [zh] (小梅沙; 'small mesa') in the Yantian District, and Jinshawan (金沙湾; 'golden sands bay'), Nan'ao (南澳; 'southern inlet'), and Xichong (西冲) in Dapeng Peninsula (in the vicinity of Dapeng New District, which is administered by the Longgang District).^[138]

Education[edit]

In 2009, there were 974 preschool educational institutions in Shenzhen: 346 elementary schools with 589,500 students, 285 primary and secondary schools with 316,000 students, and 20 secondary vocational schools with 47,000 students. There were also nine full-time higher education institutions based in the city, one higher education institution with correspondence education and 109 higher education institution branches (in addition, 52 Chinese and foreign universities conduct training and research in the Shenzhen Virtual University Park). In total, 67,000 students studied at Shenzhen universities (more than 600 thousand students were enrolled in correspondence courses).^[220]

Colleges and universities[edit]

The largest university in Shenzhen is Shenzhen University, founded in 1982 and based in the Nanshan District.^[221] Among the leading higher and secondary educational institutions of the city are:

• Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU Shenzhen)
• Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
• Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Transport[edit]

Public transport[edit]

Shenzhen has an extensive public transport system, largely based on rapid transit, buses and taxis. Payment for most of these transportation methods can be made by using a Shenzhen Tong card. In 2018, metro stations and buses added QR code scanners, allowing users to pay with QR codes generated by WeChat mini programs.^[222][223]

The Shenzhen Metro system opened on 28 December 2004. Phase I had only two lines: the Luobao line (now Line 1) and Longhua line (now Line 4). The Luobao line ran from Luohu (interchange for Lo Wu MTR station and Shenzhen railway station) to Window of the World (Overseas Chinese Town). The Longhua line ran from Huang Gang (now Futian Checkpoint) to Shaonian Gong (now Children's Palace). In June 2011, the Shenzhen Metro extended Line 1 and Line 4. Line 1 runs from Luohu to Shenzhen Bao'an Airport and Line 4 (now operated by Hong Kong MTR) runs from Futian Checkpoint to Qinghu. Also in June 2011, three lines of Phase II opened before the 26th summer Universiade. They are Line 2 (from Chiwan to Xinxiu), Line 3 (from Yitian to Shuanglong), and Line 5 (from Qianhaiwan to Huangbeiling).^[224] The first batch of lines in Phase III, Lines 11, 7 and 9 opened in 2016. The Shenzhen Metro currently has 8 lines, 199 stations, and 286 kilometres (178 mi)^[225][226] of lines in operation. This made the Shenzhen Metro one of the top ten longest metro systems in the world.^[227] Several additional lines and extensions as part of the second batch of Phase III expansion are under construction and will open by 2020. A number of Phase IV lines started construction in January 2018.

Bus services in Shenzhen began in 1975, and now have expanded to a network consisting of near 1000 routes. Three franchised companies, Shenzhen Bus Group, Shenzhen Eastern Bus and Shenzhen Western Bus operate most of the routes,^[228] and the remaining routes are operated by a few private companies. Bus fares usually range from ¥2 to ¥10, except for branches, where the fare can be ¥1 or ¥2, and privately operated premium services, which may be charged as much as ¥30.

Two kinds of taxis are able to operate in all areas of Shenzhen, distinguished by their color:

• Red taxis and Green taxis are fuel taxis united together by governments in May 2017.^[229]
• Blue taxis are electric vehicles and fuel surcharge does not apply on them.

The taxi fare consists of 2 parts, ¥10 for up to 2 km(about 1.24 mile) first and ¥2.6/km(about ¥4.18/mile) for the distance remained. Extra ¥2 to ¥4 is needed for fuel taxis as fuel surcharge according to local price of fuel.^[229]

Shenzhen is a leader in electrifying its public transportation. As of January 2019, it has the largest fleet of electric buses in the world with more than 16,000 electric buses. Moreover, 99% of its taxis have also been converted to electric vehicles.^[230]

Roads[edit]

Since February 2003, the road border crossing at Huanggang and Lok Ma Chau in Hong Kong has been open 24 hours a day. The journey can be made by private vehicle or by bus. On 15 August 2007, the Lok Ma Chau-Huanggang pedestrian border crossing opened, linking Lok Ma Chau Station with Huanggang. With the opening of the crossing, shuttle buses between Lok Ma Chau transport interchange and Huanggang were terminated.

The planned Shenzhen–Zhongshan Bridge will connect Shenzhen on the Eastern side of the Pearl River Delta with the city of Zhongshan on the Western side. It will consist of a series of bridges and tunnels, starting from Bao'an International Airport on the Shenzhen side. Construction of the proposed 51 km (32 mi) eight-lane link is scheduled to start in 2015, with completion scheduled for 2021.

There are also frequent bus and van services from Hong Kong International Airport to Huanggang and most major hotels in Shenzhen. A bus service operated by Chinalink Bus Company operates from Kowloon Station on the Airport ExpressMTR line (below Elements Mall) direct to the Shenzhen International Airport.^[231]

As of 29 December 2014, Shenzhen banned passenger vehicles with license plates issued in other places from four of Shenzhen's main districts during peak times on working days.^[232]

Railway[edit]

Shenzhen city has five large railway stations located in different parts of the city to service destinations in different directions. The oldest of these, the Shenzhen railway station, is located at the junction of Jianshe Road, Heping Road and Renmin Nan Road and mostly services medium-speed long distance trains and provides links to different parts of China. There are frequent high speed trains to Guangzhou, as well as long-distance trains to Beijing, Shanghai, Changsha, Jiujiang, Maoming, Shantou and other destinations. The trains from Hong Kong's Hung HomMTR station to the Lo Wu and Lok Ma Chau border crossings take 43 minutes and 45 minutes, respectively.

Shenzhen West railway station is located in Qianhai, Nanshan. This station is used for a small number of long distance trains, such as ones to Hefei.^{[citation needed]}

Shenzhen North railway station opened in 2011 in Longhua.^[233][234] The station is currently handling high-speed trains to Guangzhou South, Guangzhou North, Changsha, Wuhan, Beijing and intermediate stations on the Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong HSR.^[235]

Shenzhen East railway station was opened in December 2012. It was originally called Buji station after the suburb it is located and was a Grade 3 station along the Guangshen railway with no passenger services. Now after massive renovations, it currently handles mostly regional rail services.^[236]

Pingshan railway station was completed in 2013 to serve high-speed trains on the Xiamen–Shenzhen HSR which opened in 2013.

Futian railway station was completed by the end of 2015 and began to operate high-speed trains to Hong Kong in 2018. It is completely underground, located in the centre of its namesake Futian District. The central location means it is the focal point for most high-speed train services on the Beijing-Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong express rail link route which began plying since 23 September 2018.^[237] Connection to West Kowloon Railway Station in Hong Kong which was completed in late 2018, allowed for 15 minute cross-border train journeys.^[238]

Air[edit]

Donghai Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines and Jade Cargo International are located at Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport.^[239][240] The airport is 35 kilometres (22 miles) from central Shenzhen and connects the city with many other parts of China, and serves domestic and international destinations. The airport also serves as an Asian-Pacific cargo hub for UPS Airlines.^[241]Shenzhen Donghai Airlines has its head office in the Shenzhen Airlines facility on the airport property.^[242]SF Airlines has its headquarters in the International Shipping Center.^[243]

Shenzhen is also served by Hong Kong International Airport; ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Shekou Cruise Centre and the Fuyong Ferry Terminal to the HKIA Skypier.^[244] There are also coach bus services connecting Shenzhen with HKIA.^[245]

Shenzhen Chn

Ferries[edit]

Shenzhen is connected with Hong Kong (city and airport), Zhuhai and Macau through ferries that leave from and arrive at the Shekou Cruise Center.^[246] Fuyong Passenger Terminal in Bao'an near the airport provide services to and from Hong Kong (Hong Kong International Airport) and Macau (Taipa Temporary Ferry Terminal and Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal)^[247]

Additionally, Shenzhen is the third largest container port in the world.^[248] The city's 260-kilometre (162 mi) coastline is divided by the main landmass of Hong Kong (namely the New Territories and the Kowloon Peninsula) into two halves, the eastern and the western. Shenzhen's western port area lies to the east of Lingdingyang in the Pearl River Estuary and possesses a deep water harbour with superb natural shelters. It is about 20 nautical miles (40 km) from Hong Kong to the south and 60 nautical miles (110 km) from Guangzhou to the north. By passing Pearl River system, the western port area is connected with the cities and counties in Pearl River Delta networks; by passing On See Dun waterway, it extends all ports both at home and abroad.

Connection with Hong Kong[edit]

On the border between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, there are six checkpoints, including two in the railway stations (they both require passengers to walk). In 2006, about 20.5 thousand vehicles crossed the border in both directions daily, of which 65% accounted for trucks, 27% for cars, and the rest — buses (trucks carried 17 thousand containers a day, while the port of Hong Kong handled 23 thousand containers in a day). The busiest border crossings between Shenzhen and Hong Kong were the Huanggang Port (Futian), Futian Port (Futian) and Shatoujiao Port (Yantian) complexes, which accounted for 76%, 18%, and 6% of traffic, respectively (since February 2003, the Huanggang Port complex was work around the clock). Also in 2006, the average daily passenger traffic across the border exceeded 200 thousand people in both directions, of which 63% of traffic came from Luohu Port (Lohu) and 33% to Huanggang Port (78% of those crossing the border were Hong Kong citizens, 20% - citizens of China and 2% - citizens of other countries).^[249] In total, in 2006, 153 million people and 14.3 million cars passed through various border points.^[250] On September 23, 2018, the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link was open for public. Hong Kong to Shenzhen and Shenzhen to Hong Kong high-speed trains operate at Hong Kong West Kowloon Railway Station and Shenzhen North Railway Station. Some of them stop at Futian as an intermediate station. The price of second-class seats is US$10 per ticket. There are 80 pairs of bullet trains running between Hong Kong and Shenzhen on weekdays, and 92 pairs of bullet trains running on weekends, with the average interval time of about 15 minutes. The fastest trains take only 14 minutes from Hong Kong to Futian, the central business district of the city of Shenzhen.

Culture[edit]

Over 170 different festivals and fairs are held annually in Shenzhen, including the Shenzhen International Tourism Cultural Festival, the Beach Music Festival, the Window of the World International Beer Festival, and the Overseas Chinese Town Carnival.^[251] The city has more than 630 libraries and bookstores, with the Shenzhen Library, the Shenzhen Book City, the Shenzhen Scientific-Technical Library, the Library of the Shenzhen University, the Shenzhen Children's Library, and the Luohu District Library being among the largest.^{[252][253][254][255]} Cultural facilities such as the Shenzhen Cultural Center, the Shenzhen Convention and Exhibition Center, and the Shenzhen Children's Palace are located in the Futian District, which is considered the cultural center of the city. Overseas Chinese Town is a cluster of cultural theme parks centralized mainly around the Nanshan District. Dafen Village in the Longgang District is famous a noted art village known primarily for the production of replicas of masterworks and outsourcing of original art creation.^{[253][256][257][258]} The Shenzhen Symphony Orchestra (深圳交响乐团), founded in 1982, is a noted orchestra that performs in the Shenzhen Grand Theater.^[259] Due to investments made by Hongkongers in the 1980s, Shenzhen is today China's largest center for the production of cartoons, animation, and computer game software.^[260]

Cuisine[edit]

As with Hong Kong and the surrounding Guangdong province, the main cuisine of Shenzhen is Cantonese. However, due to the recent growth of migrants to the city, Shenzhen also hosts a diverse array of cuisines, from Chinese cuisines such as Chaozhou cuisine, Hakka cuisine, Sichuan Cuisine, Hu Cuisine, and Xiang Cuisine, as well as foreign cuisines such as Korean, Japanese, and French. The Yantian District is known for its Chaozhou-based and Hakka-based seafood, with restaurants lined up along the coastline. Some recreational areas in Shenzhen such as Xianhu Botanical Garden, Donghu Park, and Xiaomeisha, host barbecues where visitors bring their own food.^[261] Shenzhen also has its own tea culture.^[262][263]

Museums and exhibition centers[edit]

• Guan Shanyue Art Museum
• Hakka Culture Museum
• Museum of Ancient History of Nantou
• OCT Art and Design Gallery
• Shenzhen Cultural Center, where the city's Central Music Hall and library are located
• Shenzhen Museum of Art
• Shenzhen Science Museum
• Shenzhen Shekou Maritime Museum opened to the public on Thursday, June 29^[264]

Theaters and concert halls[edit]

• Shenzhen Cantonese Opera Company
• Shenzhen Grand Theater
• Shenzhen Poly Theatre
• C: Union

Theatre[edit]

Mary Ann O'Donnell wrote in the abstract of her translation of Yang Qian's (杨阡) 1997 play Hope: A Modern Chinese Play (希望 xī​wàng), published in Spring 2000, that there was a lack of governmental support for huàjù [zh] (话剧) in Shenzhen as the municipal government did not sponsor any such troupes. The Líng Rì Yuè (零日月; 'Zero Sun Moon') troupe, established by playwright Yang Qian, had been registered as a social club in 1997; Ling Ri Yue focused on experimental styles.^[265] In 2005, Yang Qian, Song Jie, Zhang Yang, and Ren Zhihui formed Fat Bird Theatre, Shenzhen.

Media[edit]

Shenzhen has an advanced public media network, boasting one radio station, two TV stations, three broadcasting and TV centers, 19 cable broadcasting and TV sub-stations. In Shenzhen, there are 14 newspapers, one comprehensive publishing house, three video-audio products publishing houses, 88 bureaus of inland and Hong Kong media organizations, 40 periodicals, and about 200 kinds of in-house publications of which the majority belong to enterprises.^[266] The most prominent media companies in Shenzhen are the Shenzhen Media Group,^[267] the Shenzhen Press Group,^[266] China Entertainment Television (CETV),^[268] and Phoenix Television branch iFeng.^[269]

Shenzhen News [zh] (深圳晚报, sznews.com) is a Chinese-language newspaper owned by the Shenzhen Press Group that serves as Shenzhen's main online new source.^[270]Shenzhen Daily is an English-language news outlet for Shenzhen. It also covers local, national and international news.^[271] ShekouDaily.com is an online media outlet providing news and resources that focus on the Shekou sub-district in Nanshan District of Shenzhen.^[272]

Sports[edit]

Shenzhen has two local football clubs, Shenzhen F.C. and Shenzhen Renren F.C., who both play home games at the 40,000 capacity Bao'an Stadium. Shenzhen F.C. was one of the earliest professional football clubs in Guangdong, originally owned by memberships, later turned to shareholding.^[273] The team won Chinese Super League title in 2004 season despite severe financial problems leaving players unpaid for seven months.^[274][275] The team currently plays in the Chinese Super League, the highest tier of Chinese football competition system.

Shenzhen Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium that hosts many events. The stadium is located in Futian District and has a capacity of 32,500. It was built in June 1993, at a cost of 141 million RMB. The 26th Summer Universiade was held in Shenzhen in August 2011.^[276] Shenzhen has constructed the sports venues for this first major sporting event in the city.^[277]

Shenzhen Dayun Arena is a multipurpose arena. It was completed in 2011 for the 2011 Summer Universiade. It is used for the basketball, ice hockey and gymnastics events. The arena is the home of the Shenzhen KRS Vanke Rays of the Canadian Women's Hockey League.

Shenzhen is also a popular destination for skateboarders from all over the world, due to the architecture of the city and its lax skate laws.^[278]

The Shenzhen Bay Sports Centre will be one of the venues at the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.^[279]

From 2019 to 2028 Shenzhen is hosting the WTA Finals, a major annual professional tennis tournament for the world's most top-ranked female players.^[280]

Relationship with Hong Kong[edit]

Hong Kong and Shenzhen have close business, trade, and social links as demonstrated by the statistics presented below. Except where noted the statistics are taken from sections of the Hong Kong Government website.^[281]

As of September 2016, there are nine crossing points on the boundary between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, among which six are land connections. From west to east these include the Shenzhen Bay Port, Futian Port, Huanggang Port, Man Kam To Port, Luohu Port and Shatoujiao Port. On either sides of each of these ports of entry are road and/or rail transportation.^[282][283]

In 2006, there were around 20,500 daily vehicular crossings of the boundary in each direction. Of these 65 percent were cargo vehicles, 27 percent cars and the remainder buses and coaches. The Huanggang crossing was most heavily used at 76 percent of the total, followed by the Futian crossing at 18 percent and Shatoujiao at 6 percent.^[284] Of the cargo vehicles, 12,000 per day were container carrying and, using a rate of 1.44 teus/vehicle, this results in 17,000 teus/day across the boundary,^[285] while Hong Kong port handled 23,000 teus/day during 2006, excluding trans-shipment trade.^[286]

Trade with Hong Kong in 2006 consisted of US$333 billion of imports of which US$298 billion were re-exported. Of these figures 94 percent were associated with China.^[287] Considering that 34.5 percent of the value of Hong Kong trade is air freight (only 1.3 percent by weight), a large proportion of this is associated with China as well.^[288]

Also in 2006 the average daily passenger flow through the four connections open at that time was over 200,000 in each direction of which 63 percent used the Luohu rail connection and 33 percent the Huanggang road connection.^[283] Naturally, such high volumes require special handling, and the largest group of people crossing the boundary, Hong Kong residents with Chinese citizenship, use only a biometric ID card (Home Return Permit) and a thumb print reader. As a point of comparison, Hong Kong's Chek Lap Kok Airport, the 5th busiest international airport in the world, handled 59,000 passengers per day in each direction.^[288]

Hong Kong conducts regular surveys of cross-boundary passenger movements, with the most recent being in 2003, although the 2007 survey will be reported on soon^[when?]. In 2003 the boundary crossings for Hong Kong Residents living in Hong Kong made 78 percent of the trips, up by 33 percent from 1999, whereas Hong Kong and Chinese residents of China made up 20 percent in 2006, an increase of 140 percent above the 1999 figure. Since that time movement has been made much easier for China residents, and so that group have probably increased further still. Other nationalities made up 2 percent of boundary crossings. Of these trips 67 percent were associated with Shenzhen and 42 percent were for business or work purposes. Of the non-business trips about one third were to visit friends and relatives and the remainder for leisure.^[289]

After Shenzhen's attempts to be included in the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge project were rejected in 2004, a separate bridge was conceived connecting Shenzhen on the Eastern side of the Pearl River Delta with the city of Zhongshan on the Western side: the Shenzhen-Zhongshan Bridge.

Qianhai[edit]

Qianhai, which means foresea in Chinese language, formally known as the Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industries Cooperation Zone, is 'a useful exploration for China to create a new opening up layout with a more open economic system.'^[290] A 15 km² (5.8 sq mi) area located in western Shenzhen, Qianhai lies at the heart of the Pearl River Delta, adjacent to Shenzhen international airport. Strategically positioned as a zone for the innovation and development of modern services, Qianhai will facilitate closer cooperation between Hong Kong and mainland China, as well as act as the catalyst for industrial reform in the Pearl River Delta.^[291] With the goal of loosening capital account restrictions, Qianhai authorities have indicated that Hong Kong banks will be allowed to extend commercial RMB loans to Qianhai-based onshore mainland entities. The People's Bank of China has also indicated that such loans will for the first time not be subject to the benchmark rates set by the central bank for all other loans in the rest of China. According to Anita Fung from HSBC, 'This new measure on cross-border lending will enhance the co-operation between Hong Kong and Shenzhen and accelerate cross-border convergence.'^[290]

Sister cities[edit]

Shenzhen has been very active in cultivating sister city relationships. In October 1989, Shenzhen Mayor Li Hao and a delegation travelled to Houston to attend the signing ceremony establishing a sister city relationship between Houston and Shenzhen.^[292] Houston became the first sister city of Shenzhen. Up to 2015, Shenzhen has established sister city relationship with 25 cities in the world.

• Houston, United States, March 1986
• Brescia, Italy, November 1991
• Brisbane, Australia, June 1992
• Poznań, Poland, July 1993
• Vienne, France, October 1994
• Kingston, Jamaica, March 1995
• Lomé, Togo, June 1996
• Nuremberg, Germany, May 1997^[293]
• Walloon Brabant, Belgium, October 2003
• Tsukuba, Japan, June 2004
• Gwangyang, South Korea, October 2004
• Johor Bahru, Malaysia, July 2006
• Perm, Russia, 2006
• Turin, Italy, January 2007
• Timișoara, Romania, February 2007
• Hull, United Kingdom
• Rotherham, United Kingdom, November 2007
• Luxor, Egypt, 6 September 2007
• Reno, Nevada, United States, 30 April 2008
• Samara, Russia, 19 December 2008
• Montevideo, Uruguay February 2009
• Kalocsa, Hungary, 2011
• Haifa, Israel, 2012
• Barcelona, Spain, July 2012
• Apia, Samoa, August 2015

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^Temporary residency of Chinese citizens up to six months require no registrations.

References[edit]

1. ^ ^ab'Archived copy' 2017年深圳经济有质量稳定发展 [In 2017, Shenzhen economy will have stable quality and development] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. ^Cox, W (2018). Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition(PDF). St. Louis: Demographia. p. 22. Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
3. ^ ^abOECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015, OECD READ edition. OECD iLibrary. OECD Urban Policy Reviews. OECD. 18 April 2015. p. 37. doi:10.1787/9789264230040-en. ISBN9789264230033. ISSN2306-9341. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)Linked from the OECD hereArchived 9 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine
4. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
5. ^'Report for Selected Countries and Subjects'. www.imf.org. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
6. ^'ShenZhen Government Online'. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
7. ^'Shenzhen Continues to lead China's reform and opening-up'. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2016. Shenzhen, [...] which was just a small town when it was chosen as China's first special economic zone to pilot the country's reform and opening-up drive 22 years ago, has now grown into a boomtown, which is placed fourth among Chinese cities in overall economic strength.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
8. ^Compare: 'The next Silicon Valley? It could be here'. Das Netz. 11 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018. Worldwide, 16 cities are in the starting blocks in the race to become the next Silicon Valley. [...] That Shenzhen is being treated as the Chinese Silicon Valley should come as no surprise.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
9. ^Compare: 'Shenzhen is a hothouse of innovation'. The Economist. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018. Welcome to Silicon DeltaCite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
10. ^'Shenzhen aims to be global technology innovation hub - Chinadaily.com.cn'. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018. An important reason Silicon Valley in the US and Israel became world innovation hubs is that they gathered a lot of angel investments. However, Shenzhen lacks angel investments [...].Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
11. ^The rise of China's 'Silicon Valley' - CNN Video, archived from the original on 2 December 2018, retrieved 1 December 2018Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
12. ^CNN, Matt Rivers. 'Inside China's Silicon Valley: From copycats to innovation'. CNN. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
13. ^'Shenzhen'. U.S. Commercial Service. 2007. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2008.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
14. ^ ^ab'Lonely Planet names Shenzhen as a top city to visit in 2019'. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
15. ^'Archived copy' 昔日边陲小镇深圳的历史渊源. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
16. ^Fish, Isaac Stone (25 September 2010). 'A New Shenzhen'. Newsweek. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014. Shenzhen grew over the past three decades by capitalizing on both its advantageous coastal location and proximity to Hong Kong and Taiwan (major sources of investment capital), but also on the huge Chinese government support that came with its designation as the first Special Economic Zone.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
17. ^ ^abLi, Zhu (李注). 'Archived copy' 深圳将提高户籍人口比例 今年有望新增38万_深圳新闻_南方网. sz.Southcn.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
18. ^ ^ab'Archived copy' 深圳大幅放宽落户政策 一年户籍人口增幅有望超过10%. finance.Sina.com.cn. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
19. ^'Inside Shenzhen: China's Silicon Valley'. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
20. ^'The Global Financial Centres Index 19'. Long Finance. March 2016. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
21. ^'The JOC Top 50 World Container Ports'. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
22. ^深圳地名网 (27 May 2010). 深圳地名. Shenzhen People's Government. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
23. ^深圳概貌. Shenzhen People's Government. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
24. ^央视国际 (7 August 2003). '深圳历史沿革'. 中国中央电视台. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
25. ^ ^ab深圳概貌. Shenzhen People's Government. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
26. ^'Archived copy' 深圳的前身并不是“小渔村”. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
27. ^深圳市政府 (26 August 2016). '深圳概貌'. 深圳政府在线. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
28. ^ ^abcdefgh'Archived copy' 深圳历史沿革. China Central Television. 7 August 2003. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
29. ^ ^abBrief History of ShenzhenArchived April 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Shenzhen Government official website.
30. ^Rule, Ted and Karen, “Shenzhen, the Book”, Hong Kong 2014
31. ^Wills 2011, p. 28.
32. ^'地理志'. Xin'an Xianzhi新安縣志 [Xin'an County History] (in Literary Chinese) (Kangxi Year ed.). 1688.
33. ^ ^ab'深圳旧事 英国两千军队占领深圳长达半年，这是怎么回事？'. www.sohu.com. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
34. ^ ^ab'龙华革命烈士卓凤康'. 宝安日报. 18 February 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
35. ^'百年深圳铁路'. news.ifeng.com. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
36. ^'深圳地区的革命史迹_查查吧'. www.chachaba.com. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
37. ^'The Kowloon Canton Railway (British Section) Part 4 – The Early Years (1910 to 1940) – The Industrial History of Hong Kong Group'. industrialhistoryhk.org. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
38. ^秦志勇 (24 June 2003). '台盟深圳市委筹委会呼吁缅怀三洲田起义丰功'. 中国政协新闻. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
39. ^惠州日报 (31 May 2011). '惠州三洲田起义'. 今日惠州. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
40. ^李南玲 (21 August 2003). '百年罗湖桥走进历史'. 新华社. Archived from the original on 27 June 2004. Retrieved 22 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
41. ^中国青年报 (8 December 2010). '学者记录深圳30年大逃港 百万内地人曾越境香港'. 新浪新闻. Archived from the original on 11 December 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
42. ^武汉晨报 (8 December 2010). ''大逃港'催生深圳经济特区'. 网易新闻. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
43. ^ ^abc'深圳特区建立过程中惠阳地区的历史作用'. 中共惠州市委党史研究室课题组. 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
44. ^'1月31日，中央决定成立招商局蛇口工业区'. 深圳特区报. 31 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
45. ^'1979年4月邓小平第一次正式提出办特区的主张'. 《北京日报》. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
46. ^Stoltenberg, Clyde D. (1984). 'China's Special Economic Zones: Their Development and Prospects'. Asian Survey. 24 (6): 637–654. doi:10.2307/2644396. ISSN0004-4687. JSTOR2644396.
47. ^Holmes, Frank (21 April 2017). 'China's New Special Economic Zone Evokes Memories Of Shenzhen'. Forbes. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
48. ^'The spirit of enterprise fades: Capitalism in China'. The Economist. 394 (8666): 61. 23 January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
49. ^'深圳经济特区'. 广东省情网. 5 May 2011. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
50. ^'2006年1月'. mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
51. ^ ^ab'二线关 将说真正的再见'. 南方都市报. 23 December 2014. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
52. ^ ^ab交通动态 (8 June 2010). '深圳二线关是怎么来的'. 深圳本地宝. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
53. ^'关于本所'. 深圳证券交易所. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
54. ^央视国际 (7 August 2003). '深圳历史沿革'. 中国中央电视台. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
55. ^Singh, Harminder (2 September 2016). 'Explained:how Hong Kong's Legislative Council has evolved'. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
56. ^'Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region – History of the Legislature'. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
57. ^Perry, Alex (7 May 2001). 'Crossing The Line'. Time Asia. Vol. 157 no. 18. Archived from the original on 3 June 2001. Retrieved 15 November 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
58. ^'《深圳市综合配套改革总体方案》获国务院批准'. 新华网. 26 May 2009. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
59. ^ ^ab郑小红 (2 July 2010). '深圳特区范围1日起扩至全市 解决'一市两法''. 中国新闻网. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
60. ^'国务院批复'前海深港现代服务业合作区发展规划''. 新华社. 27 August 2010. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
61. ^'Universiade Shenzhen 2011'. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
62. ^'总体概况'. 广东自贸试验区前海蛇口片区. 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
63. ^'China unveils detailed reform plan to make Shenzhen model city for world'. South China Morning Post. 18 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
64. ^'Archived copy' 深圳概貌 [Shenzhen overview]. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
65. ^市情概貌. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
66. ^'Archived copy' 深圳310条河流 173条黑脏臭 径流小是先天的硬伤. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
67. ^ ^abc[气候统计] 深圳市气候资料（来源：深圳市气象局） (in Chinese). Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
68. ^'Extreme Temperatures Around the World'. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
69. ^Martin, Michael. 'Understanding China's Political System'(PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived(PDF) from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
70. ^'Archived copy' 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码. Ministry of Civil Affairs. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
71. ^Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. Archived copy《深圳统计年鉴2014》. China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
72. ^'Archived copy' 深圳政府在线 [Shenzhen government official]. Archived from the original on 24 July 2005. Retrieved 25 September 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
73. ^'Official PRC announcement'. gov.cn. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
74. ^'Archived copy' 二线关景观改造方案出炉 涉及8个主要的二线关口 [The plans for the ErXianGuan landscape reconstruction have been announced, involving 8 major former border passages]. 深圳本地宝 (sz.bendibao.com). 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
75. ^Copyright@中国时刻网、深圳广播电影电视集团. 'Archived copy' 政协论坛 二线关：将说真正的再见（下） 2015-11-29_政协论坛_电视_CUTV深圳台. sztv.CUTV.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
76. ^'Archived copy' 二线关将说真正的再见 检查站物理设施将全部清除. www.sznews.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
77. ^'Shenzhen to remove outdated boundary around economic zone - Chinadaily.com.cn'. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
78. ^'Archived copy' 国务院关于同意撤销深圳经济特区管理线的批复（国函〔2018〕3号）_政府信息公开专栏. www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
79. ^'Archived copy' 深圳规划合并关内关外取消区级政府. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
80. ^Wei Ge (1999). 'Chapter 4: The Performance of Special Economic Zones'. Special Economic Zones and the Economic Transition in China. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. pp. 67–108. ISBN978-9810237905.
81. ^Fish, Isaac Stone (25 September 2010). 'A New Shenzhen'. Newsweek. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014. Shenzhen grew over the past three decades by capitalizing on both its advantageous coastal location and proximity to Hong Kong and Taiwan (major sources of investment capital), but also on the huge Chinese government support that came with its designation as the first Special Economic Zone.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
82. ^'Special economic zone (SEZ) - Chinese economics'. Encyclopedia Britannica.
83. ^'Hong Kong economy surpassed by neighbour Shenzhen for first time'. South China Morning Post. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
84. ^'Shenzhen named biggest economy in China's Guangdong province'. South China Morning Post. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
85. ^The gdp and gdp per capita data for Hong kong and Macau SAR, according to IMF World Economic Outlook (IMF WEO) Database 'Download WEO Data: April 2019 Edition' (Press release). International Monetary Fund. April 9, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
86. ^The gdp and gdp per capita data of four direct-administered municipalities, according to China NBS national data ('China NBS national data' (Press release). National Bureau of Statistics of China. April 1, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2019.) The average exchange rate is 6.7518 Chinese yuan per US dollar in 2017 'China Statistical Yearbook (Annual Data)' (Press release). National Bureau of Statistics of China. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
87. ^'Shenzhen economic expansion dwarfs growth in Hong Kong and Singapore'. South China Morning Post. 15 January 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
88. ^'Statistics The World Federation of Exchanges'. www.world-exchanges.org. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
89. ^'2015年深圳国民经济和社会发展统计公报'. 深圳市统计局. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
90. ^ ^abcd'2015年深圳国民经济和社会发展统计公报'. 深圳市统计局. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
91. ^'A rare look insider Huawei, China's tech giant'. CNN. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
92. ^'Tencent Shows Off High Tech Shenzhen Headquarters'. Mingtiandi. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
93. ^'World's top drone seller DJI made $2.7 billion in 2017 · TechNode'. TechNode. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
94. ^'ZTE's new management vows to uphold compliance as a top priority'. South China Morning Post. 10 July 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
95. ^'高交会简介'. 中国国际高新技术成果交易会. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
96. ^CNN, Matt Rivers. 'Inside China's Silicon Valley: From copycats to innovation'. CNN. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
97. ^Whitwell, Tom (13 June 2014). 'Inside Shenzhen: China's Silicon Valley'. The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
98. ^Reynolds, Matt (7 June 2016). 'Inside Shenzhen: The Silicon Valley of hardware'. Wired UK. ISSN1357-0978. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
99. ^'This Chinese City Is Becoming The Silicon Valley Of Hardware'. HuffPost Canada. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
100. ^'Annual Report 2018'(PDF). China Merchants Bank Company Limited. 22 March 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
101. ^Group, Ping An. 'Ping An Ranked 29th in Fortune's 2019 Global 500, Top 4 in Financial Sector'. www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
102. ^'关于银行-平安银行'. bank.pingan.com. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
103. ^深圳特区报 (12 March 2007). '外资银行加速抢滩深圳市场'. 深圳证券交易所. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
104. ^'2016年深圳金融业发展基本情况'. 深圳市人民政府金融发展服务办公室. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
105. ^'Quanfeng Express hits private investment road Companies chinadaily.com.cn'. usa.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
106. ^'中集英文'. www.cimc.com. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
107. ^'One Hundred Container Ports 2018'. Lloyd's List. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
108. ^'Archived copy' 深圳港港口介绍. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
109. ^'名师大腕奉献时尚文化盛宴---宝安日报多媒体数字报刊平台'. 30 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
110. ^龙华新区创建全国时尚服饰产业知名品牌示范区纪Archived 2016-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
111. ^設計之都Archived 2018-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
112. ^'四大支柱产业'. 深圳市投资推广署. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
113. ^'Vanke'. www.vanke.com. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
114. ^'CR LAND'. en.crland.com.hk. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
115. ^'1月31日，中央决定成立招商局蛇口工业区'. 深圳特区报. 31 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
116. ^'Shenzhen High-tech Industrial Development Zone'. Hong Kong Means Business. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
117. ^'Shenzhen Software Park'. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
118. ^'国务院批复'前海深港现代服务业合作区发展规划''. 新华社. 27 August 2010. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
119. ^Fung, Anita. 'Qianhai Taking RMB Internationalisation to the Next Level'. New Zealand China Trade Association. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
120. ^ ^ab'深圳市旅游业发展'十三五'规划-深圳市文化广电旅游体育局'. www.sz.gov.cn. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
121. ^ ^ab'深圳市旅游业、体育发展'十三五'规划公布--政务动态'. www.sz.gov.cn. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
122. ^'AAAAA Scenic Areas_National Tourism Administration of The People's Republic of China'. 4 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
123. ^'Window of the World'. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
124. ^'Window of the World, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Theme Park'. www.travelchinaguide.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
125. ^'Splendid China - Folk Culture Villages, Shenzhen'. www.travelchinaguide.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
126. ^'Splendid China folk culture village'. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
127. ^'Archived copy' 欢乐谷官方网站. www.happyvalley.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 11 June 2004. Retrieved 3 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
128. ^'Shenzhen Happy Valley, Theme Park: Ticket Price, Get There'. www.travelchinaguide.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
129. ^'Buzz on the waterfront'. TTGmice. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
130. ^'Welcome to OCT Harbour'. oct.ieant.com. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
131. ^'About us'. Szseaworld.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
132. ^'Shekou Sea World Wiki Shenzhen'. www.wikishenzhen.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
133. ^'Archived copy' 小梅沙海洋世界官方网站｜深圳小梅沙海洋公园官网｜深圳海洋世界官网｜深圳市特发小梅沙旅游发展有限公司. www.szxms.com.cn. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
134. ^'Xiaomeisha Sea World, Shenzhen, Guangdong'. www.travelchinaguide.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
135. ^'The Standard - Business as usual at sunk Minsk World - China Section'. 10 February 2012. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
136. ^'Aircraft carrier used as Chinese theme park sets sail for new home'. South China Morning Post. 4 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
137. ^ ^abThe City Parks of ShenzhenArchived 16 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine The City Parks of Shenzhen ~ Retrieved 2 February 2010
138. ^ ^abKaracs, Sarah. 'The Most Beautiful Beaches in Shenzhen'. Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
139. ^ ^abCNN, Kate Springer (4 January 2018). 'Shenzhen: Add it to your China travel list'. CNN Travel. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
140. ^'KK100 - The Skyscraper Center'. www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
141. ^'Tourism in Shenzhen, China'. traveltips.usatoday.com. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
142. ^'Shenzhen (Guangdong) City Information HKTDC'. china-trade-research.hktdc.com. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
143. ^Tocha (28 September 2018). 'Huaqiangbei, the biggest electronics market in the world — Shenzhen, China'. Medium. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
144. ^'Mega mall opens in Longhua'. www.szdaily.com. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
145. ^'Longgang COCO Park opens its doors'. Shenzhen Daily. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
146. ^'深圳体验式商业综合体—壹方天地'. www.uniworld-sz.com.cn. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
147. ^'壹方中心'. en.unicenter.com.cn. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
148. ^'公司简介_关于海岸城_海岸城'. www.coastalcity.cn. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
149. ^'新零售：激发深圳经济增长新动能 _ 东方财富网'. finance.eastmoney.com. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
150. ^2017年深圳经济有质量稳定发展 [In 2017, Shenzhen economy will have stable quality and development] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
151. ^'Shenzhen General Info'. Shenzhen Government Online. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
152. ^CNBC.com, Justina Crabtree; special to (20 September 2016). 'A tale of megacities: China's largest metropolises'. CNBC. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017. slide 2Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
153. ^Mead, Nick Van (28 January 2015). 'China's Pearl River Delta overtakes Tokyo as world's largest megacity'. The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
154. ^Fuller, Ed. 'China's Crown Jewel: The Pearl River Delta'. Forbes. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
155. ^'深圳客家文化的历史追问'. 深圳新闻网. 22 June 2003. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
156. ^Sala, Ilaria Maria (10 May 2016). 'Story of cities #39: Shenzhen – from rural village to the world's largest megalopolis'. The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
157. ^'深圳户籍人口增幅有所放缓 2018年年末常住人口1302万人_移民城市'.
158. ^'Age Composition and Dependency Ratio of Population by Region (2004)'. China Statistics 2005. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
159. ^Shenzhen Government Online, Citizens' Life (Recovered from the Wayback Machine)
160. ^Shenzhen Daily 13 June 2007
161. ^'Cross-border Commuters Live Hard between Hong Kong and Shenzhen Feed Magazine - HKBU MA International Journalism Student Stories'. journalism.hkbu.edu.hk. 18 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
162. ^'Archived copy' 广东省公安厅出入境政务服务网. www.gdcrj.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
163. ^ ^abcd'ShenZhen, Koreans' second hometown'. Shenzhen Daily at China.org.cn. 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2019.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: publisher= (help)
164. ^ ^abc'South Koreans find new home in Donghai'. Shenzhen Daily. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
165. ^'Archived copy' 深圳客家人的來歷和客家民居 [Hakka Origins and Settlements in Shenzhen]. 中國國際廣播電臺國際線上. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
166. ^'Archived copy' 圍頭話 Weitou dialect. Archived from the original on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
167. ^Rule, Ted and Karen, Shenzhen the Book Hong Kong 2014
168. ^張 ZHANG, 則武 Zewu. 浅谈深圳城中村的成因及其影响 A Discussion concerning the History and Consequences of Urban Villages in Shenzhen. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
169. ^秦 CHUN, 炳煜 Bing Yuk (7 July 2006). 'Archived copy' 深圳成粵語圈中普通話區 Shenzhen becomes the Mandarin area in a Cantonese region. 文匯報 Wenweipo. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
170. ^'Archived copy' 深圳將粵語精髓融入普通話 Shenzhen Incorporates Cantonese Essence into Mandarin. 南方網. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
171. ^中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法 The National Lingua Franca and Orthography Act-- People's Republic of China. Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
172. ^He, Huifeng. 'Trendy Shenzhen teenagers spearhead Cantonese revival'. South China Morning Post. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
173. ^'Archived copy' 中共深圳市委统战部（市民族宗教事务局、市侨务办公室、市侨联）. www.tzb.sz.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
174. ^Demographics of religion in Shenzhen() for the '6 under 60Archived 25 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine' research project by the University of Southern California. See also Lani Heidecker's data for the Shenzhen Geography Project().
175. ^Fan, Lizhu; Whitehead, James D. (2011). 'Spirituality in a Modern Chinese MetropolisArchived 22 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine'. In Palmer, David A.; Shive, Glenn; Wickeri, Philip L. Chinese Religious Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199731381
176. ^Lizhu, Fan; Whitehead, James D. (2004). 'Fate and Fortune: Popular Religion and Moral Capital in Shenzhen'. Journal of Chinese Religions. 32: 83–100. doi:10.1179/073776904804759969.
177. ^Payette, Alex. 'Shenzhen's Kongshengtang: Religious Confucianism and Local Moral GovernanceArchived 20 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine'. Role of Religion in Political Life, Panel RC43, 23rd World Congress of Political Science, 19–24 July 2014.
178. ^'CRIME.VL.RU - Transnational manifestations of Chinese organized crime'. www.crime.vl.ru. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
179. ^'CRIME.VL.RU - Transformation of Triads'. www.crime.vl.ru. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
180. ^'WebCite query result'. www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
181. ^'The Illuminated Lantern: Triads'. www.illuminatedlantern.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
182. ^'В Китае за взятки арестован мэр города, считавшегося 'витриной' экономических реформ'. NEWSru.com. 8 June 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
183. ^'Глава государственной строительной корпорации приговорен к смертной казни'. NEWSru.com. 14 December 2002. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
184. ^'Hong Kong or Seoul – which is the world's most vertical city?'. South China Morning Post. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
185. ^CNN, Oscar Holland (12 December 2018). 'China built more skyscrapers in 2018 than ever before'. CNN Style. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
186. ^'Number of 200m+ Completed Buildings - The Skyscraper Center'. www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
187. ^'Number of 150m+ Completed Buildings - The Skyscraper Center'. www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
188. ^Robinson, Melia (17 January 2017). 'One Chinese city built more skyscrapers in 2016 than the US and Australia combined'. Business Insider. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
189. ^'Shenzhen - The Skyscraper Center'. www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
190. ^'Ping An Finance Center - The Skyscraper Center'. www.SkyscraperCenter.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
191. ^'KK100 – The Skyscraper Center'. CTBUH. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
192. ^'Shun Hing Square (Diwang/Di Wang Commercial Center)'. 4 August 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
193. ^'Archived copy' 深圳摩天大楼列表，深圳第一高楼. top.gaoloumi.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
194. ^'Archived copy' 深圳30年：深圳国贸大厦. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
195. ^'Левый форт Чивань / Chiwan Left Fort / Шэньчжэнь Культурный туризм'. tuorism.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
196. ^'Храм Чивань Тянь Хоу гун / Chiwan Tianhou Temple / Шэньчжэнь Культурный туризм'. tuorism.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
197. ^'Tomb of the Young Song Emperor Sightseeing Shenzhen, Shekou Entertainment, Food and Lodging'. www.shenzhenparty.com. 4 August 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
198. ^'Tomb of the Young Song Emperor Wiki Shenzhen'. www.wikishenzhen.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
199. ^'Dapeng Fortress Sightseeing Shenzhen, Shekou Entertainment, Food and Lodging'. www.shenzhenparty.com. 10 February 2013. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
200. ^'Crane Lake Fortified Hakka Village & Hakka Culture Museum'. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
201. ^'Crane Lake Fortified Hakka Village & Hakka Culture Museum Culture/Museums Shenzhen, Shekou Entertainment, Food and Lodging'. www.shenzhenparty.com. 24 March 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
202. ^'Ancient City of Nantou (Xin'an)'. www.chinaexpeditiontours.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
203. ^'Xin'an Ancient City'. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
204. ^'Archived copy' Прогулка по древнему городу Наньтоу, Шэньчжэнь « News In Photo. newsinphoto.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
205. ^'Буддистский храм Хунфа / Hongfa Buddhist Temple / Шэньчжэнь Культурный туризм'. tuorism.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
206. ^'Fairy Lake Botanical Gardens Shenzhen'. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
207. ^'Wutong Mountains'. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
208. ^'Lianhua Mountain Park Wiki Shenzhen'. www.wikishenzhen.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
209. ^'LateRooms - Book Cheap Hotels & Last Minute Hotel Deals'. www.asiarooms.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
210. ^'Lotus Hill'. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
211. ^'Shenzhen Garden and Flower Exposition Center'. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
212. ^'Shenzhen Bay Park'. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
213. ^'Shenzhen Bay Park'. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
214. ^'Shenzhen Mangrove Seaside Ecology Park'. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
215. ^'Shenzhen Safari Park, Wildlife Zoo, Guangdong'. www.travelchinaguide.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
216. ^'Archived copy' Кто такие лигры и тигоны?. www.vokrugsveta.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
217. ^'Xili Lake Holiday Resort, Shenzhen, Guangdong'. www.travelchinaguide.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
218. ^'Yangtai Mountain Forest Park Wiki Shenzhen'. www.wikishenzhen.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
219. ^'Shiyan Lake Hot Spring Resort Wiki Shenzhen'. www.wikishenzhen.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
220. ^'WebCite query result'. www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
221. ^'Archived copy' 深圳大学. www.szu.edu.cn. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
222. ^'Shenzhen Metro Now Supports QR Code Payment, Here's How it Works'. That's Online. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
223. ^'How to Pay Bus Fare with Your Phone in Shenzhen'. That's Online. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
224. ^'City to spend 48b yuan on 3 Metro lines'. Shenzhen Daily. Archived from the original on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
225. ^'Shenzhen Metro'. exploremetro. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
226. ^Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics (2 December 2008). 'Archived copy' 深圳市2011年国民经济和社会发展统计公报. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
227. ^'Archived copy' 深圳地铁7、9、11号线2016年底开通. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
228. ^'Archived copy' 广东省深圳市人民政府关于印发《深圳市公交行业特许经营改革工作方案》的通知. www.chinalawedu.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
229. ^ ^ab'Archived copy' 深圳'红绿的'5日起统一收费（图）--部门动态. www.sz.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
230. ^PST, Adnan Farooqui on 01/06/2019 08:15. 'Shenzhen's Taxi Fleet Goes Fully Electric As Well'. Ubergizmo. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
231. ^香港九龙机铁站往深圳机场 [Airport Railway Kowloon Station to Shenzhen Airport] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2011. 香港九龍機鐵站往深圳機場 (全程行車時間：車程約75分鐘)Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
232. ^'Shenzhen imposes limits on purchases of new cars'. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
233. ^Shenzhen New Railway Station to Be Built, Shortens Trip to GuangzhouArchived 11 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
234. ^Zong, Chuanling (宗传苓); Tan, Guowei (谭国威); Zhang, Xiaochun (张晓春) (2011). 基于城市发展战略的深圳高铁枢纽规划研究——以深圳北站和福田站为例[J]. 规划师. 27 (10): 23–29.
235. ^广州深圳升级为半小时城市圈. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
236. ^'Buji Station renamed Shenzhen East ---szdaily多媒体数字报刊平台'. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
237. ^'More ticket counters at Hong Kong terminus of high-speed rail link after chaotic first day marked by queues and ticket confusion'. South China Morning Post. 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
238. ^'High-speed rail set to bring bumper 'Golden Week' for Hong Kong tourism as mainland Chinese visitors snap up tickets for first day'. South China Morning Post. 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
239. ^'Contact UsArchived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.' Shenzhen Airlines. Retrieved on 9 September 2009.
240. ^'Contact UsArchived 11 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.' Jade Cargo International. Retrieved on 11 July 2010.
241. ^'UPS Launches Shenzhen Flights'. Ups.com. 8 February 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
242. ^'Archived copy' 联系我们. Shenzhen Donghai Airlines. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2014. Address:Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport, Shenzhen Airlines. Post code：518128' – Chinese address: '地址：深圳市宝安区宝安国际机场航站四路3009号东海航空基地 邮政编码:518128Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
243. ^'Contact UsArchived 7 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.' SF Airlines. Retrieved on 24 February 2014. 'SF Airlines Co., Ltd. Address: No.1 Freight Depot, International Shipping Center of Bao'an International Airport, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518128, P.R.C.' – Chinese addressArchived 1 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine: '地 址：中国广东省深圳市宝安国际机场国际货运中心1号货站 邮 编：518128'
244. ^'Ferry TransferArchived 8 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine.' Hong Kong International Airport. Retrieved on May 8, 2018.
245. ^'Mainland CoachesArchived 8 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine.' Hong Kong International Airport. Retrieved on May 8, 2018.
246. ^'[SZ] Cruise terminal operational in Nov'. Guangdong news. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
247. ^'Archived copy' 2013年最新深圳福永码头时刻表-深圳福永码头去澳门-深圳福永码头到香港-福永口岸通关时间_深圳指南_深圳热线. life.szonline.net. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
248. ^'Top 50 container ports in the world'. www.worldshipping.org. World shipping council / Journal of commerce. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
249. ^'Home Census and Statistics Department'. www.censtatd.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
250. ^'Ports and Transportation'. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
251. ^'WebCite query result'. www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
252. ^'WebCite query result'. www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
253. ^ ^ab'WebCite query result'. www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
254. ^'WebCite query result'. www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
255. ^图书馆之城简介 - 关于图书馆之城 - 图书馆之城 - 全国文化信息资源共享工程深圳中心. 21 August 2017. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
256. ^report, Evan Osnos, Tribune foreign correspondent; Lu Jingxian contributed to this. 'Chinese village paints by incredible numbers'. chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
257. ^Fallows, James (19 December 2007). 'Workshop of the world, fine arts division'. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
258. ^'Demand grows for Chinese fake art China News Al Jazeera'. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
259. ^'WebCite query result'. www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
260. ^'WebCite query result'. www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
261. ^'Archived copy' 美食. travel.sohu.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
262. ^'Archived copy' 花样百出吃深圳－饮食文化 - 王朝网络 - wangchao.net.cn. www.wangchao.net.cn. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
263. ^感受深圳的饮食文化. 2 March 2017. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
264. ^Daily, Shekou. 'Free Entry to the NEW Maritime Museum in Shekou Shenzhen'. ShekouDaily.cn. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
265. ^Yang, Qian; O'Donnell, Mary Ann (Spring 2000). 'Hope: A Modern Chinese Play by Yang Qian'. Asian Theatre Journal. University of Hawai'i Press. 17 (1): 34–50. doi:10.1353/atj.2000.0012. - Abstract cited
266. ^ ^ab'WebCite query result'. www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
267. ^'Archived copy' 深圳广播电影电视集团. www.szmg.com.cn. Archived from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
268. ^'WebCite query result'. www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
269. ^'Archived copy' 凤凰网. www.ifeng.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
270. ^'WebCite query result'. www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
271. ^'Shenzhen Daily'. Shenzhen Daily. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
272. ^Daily, Shekou. 'ShekouDaily: Bringing you the best of Shekou, Sea World, Shenzhen, China'. ShekouDaily.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
273. ^'Archived copy' 球队简介——深圳红钻队. 163.com Sports. 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
274. ^'Archived copy' 健力宝俱乐部欠债累累 中超冠军欲'借钱'过年. sports.sina.com.cn. 26 November 2004. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
275. ^硕, 陈 (17 July 2014). 深圳红钻欠薪曝光合计约700万 中国足协介入调查. Xinhuanet. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
276. ^'2011 Summer Universiade'. International University Sports Federation. Archived from the original on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
277. ^Universiade 2011 ShenzhenArchived 18 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine Photos construction stadiums Universiade Shenzhen
278. ^'China's Skateboarding Revolution'. 20 May 2015.
279. ^The Official website of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World CupArchived 27 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, FIBA.com, Retrieved 9 March 2016.
280. ^'Shenzhen, China to host WTA Finals starting in 2019'. 18 January 2018. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
281. ^'Archived copy' 香港政府一站通 [one-stop portal of the Hong Kong SAR Government]. GovHK. Archived from the original on 24 April 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
282. ^'Archived copy' 深圳九大口岸通关攻略. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
283. ^ ^abHKG Monthly Digest of Statistics
284. ^HKG Traffic and Transport Digest
285. ^HKG Cross Boundary Survey 2004
286. ^HKG Shipping Statistics
287. ^HKG Trade and Industry Statistics
288. ^ ^ab'Hong Kong International Airport – Your Regional Hub with Worldwide Connections and Gateway to China'. Hongkongairport.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
289. ^HKG Cross Boundary Survey 1999 & 2003
290. ^ ^abFung, Anita. 'Qianhai Taking RMB Internationalisation to the Next Level'. New Zealand China Trade Association. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
291. ^Tse, Constant. 'State Council Approves Preferential Policies for Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone'. Deloitte. 169.
292. ^'HSSCA'. HSSCA. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
293. ^Nürnberg International - Informationen zu den Auslandsbeziehungen der Stadt Nürnberg

Further reading[edit]

• Bach, Jonathan (August 2010). ''THEY COME IN PEASANTS AND LEAVE CITIZENS': Urban Villages and the Making of Shenzhen, China'. Cultural Anthropology. 25 (3): 421–458. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01066.x. - First published on 2010 July 20.
• Chen, Xiangming; Tomas de'Medici (2010). 'Research Note—The 'Instant City' Coming of Age: Production of Spaces in China's Shenzhen Special Economic Zone'. Urban Geography. 31 (8): 1141–1147. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.31.8.1141. - Published online on May 16, 2013. Also see working paper titled: Instant City Coming of Age.pdf 'THE 'INSTANT CITY'COMING OF AGE:China's Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in Thirty Years' Check url= value (help)(PDF). Spring 2009. - Profile atResearchgate and profile atSemantic Scholar
• Huang, Luxin; Yongqing Xie. 'The Plan-led Urban Form: A Case Study of Shenzhen'(PDF). 48th ISOCARP Congress 2012.
• Lam, Jasmine Siu Lee; Wei Yim Yap (2019). 'A Stakeholder Perspective of Port City Sustainable Development'. Sustainability (11): 447. doi:10.3390/su1102044 (inactive 27 August 2019). - Received on October 12, 2018, accepted for publication on January 7, 2019, and published on January 16, 2019
• Ng, Mee Kam; Wing-Shing Tang (2004). 'The Role of Planning in the Development of Shenzhen, China: Rhetoric and Realities'(PDF). Eurasian Geography and Economics. pp. 190–211. - Profile atresearchgate and alternate PDF location
• O'Donnell, Mary Ann (2001). 'Becoming Hong Kong, Razing Baoan, Preserving Xin'an: An Ethnographic Account of Urbanization in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone'. Cultural Studies. 15 (3–4): 419–443. doi:10.1080/095023800110046641. - Published online on 21 October 2010.
• O'Donnell, Mary Ann, Winnie Wong, and Jonathan Bach (2017). Learning from Shenzhen: China's Post Mao Experiment from Special Zone to Model City. University of Chicago Press.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Shen, Jianfa (2008). 'Urban Growth and Sustainable Development in Shenzhen City 1980-2006'. The Open Environmental Journal. pp. 71–79.
• Wang, Ya Ping; Yanglin Wang; Jiangsheng Wu (December 2009). 'Urbanization and Informal Development in China: Urban Villages in Shenzhen'. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 33 (4): 957–973. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00891.x. - First published on December 22, 2009
• Wills, John E. (2011), China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions, Cambridge University Press

External links[edit]

• Geographic data related to Shenzhen at OpenStreetMap